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- Blood is composed of two separate components.
- Firstly, there are the blood cells, which
- used to be called corpuscles. Blood cells are
- either red (which gives blood its colour) or
- white, and they have very different
- functions. The cells float free in a
- yellow-coloured, protein-rich fluid called
- plasma. Blood cells (red and white) are
- formed in bone marrow. The proteins which
- make up plasma are produced in the liver.
- Blood has four important functions. The first
- of these is to carry oxygen around the body.
- Red cells are full of a protein called
- haemoglobin, whose function is to carry
- oxygen. The haemoglobin molecule is a strong
- red colour. The red cells pick up oxygen in
- the lungs, and carry it around the body to
- where it is needed. The second function is as
- a defence against infection, and this is the
- function of the white blood cells. There are
- several types of white blood cells, but they
- all have important roles to play in defending
- the body. Some white cells will eat up any
- bacteria or foreign material which they come
- across. These cells are called phagocytes.
- Other white cells (called lymphocytes)
- produce special proteins called antibodies,
- which stick to invading bacteria and viruses
- and label them as foreign, so that they are
- attacked by phagocytes and destroyed. Unlike
- red cells, which are inert, white cells can
- move around by themselves. They are not
- confined to the blood, and often patrol
- through other tissues such as the skin, to
- mop up any invading microbes they may come
- across. Damaged or diseased cells in any
- organ release chemicals which attract white
- cells, which means that they are summoned to
- the areas where they are most needed.
- Additionally, some of these chemicals
- stimulate marrow to produce more white cells,
- if the infection is very severe. The third
- function is clotting. If a blood vessel is
- damaged, blood reacts to form a clot to plug
- the hole and prevent more blood leaking out.
- Clotting requires special proteins in the
- plasma called clotting proteins, and tiny
- cell fragments called platelets which are
- produced in the bone marrow. Some diseases
- and drugs (such as warfarin) affect the
- efficiency of clotting, and such people may
- lose significant amounts of blood from small
- injuries. The last function of the blood is
- to carry nutrients around the body. Many
- nutrients, such as glucose, are simply
- dissolved in the plasma. Others, such as
- fatty acids, are carried on plasma proteins
- such as albumin. Some special nutrients, such
- as iron, are carried on special proteins such
- as ferritin. The blood also carries hormones
- and other chemical messengers which the body
- sends.
-
- Subject by: Dr Aidan M. O'Donnell
-